Commonly used fireworks release metals such as lead and titanium into the air as they explode, with potentially adverse effects on human lungs, a US study suggests.

The metals, which create the vibrant colours seen in fireworks displays, significantly increase reactive oxygen species and inflammation in both in vitro and in vivo experiments, according to the report in the journal Particle and Fibre Toxicology.

Although people are aware of the risk of physical injuries from fireworks, they should also be aware they are “potentially at risk of inhaling high levels of toxic metals”, says co-author Professor Terry Gordon, a professor of environmental medicine at the New York University School of Medicine.

He’s not suggesting fireworks be banned, but just that people take precautions.