Pain management procedures are a diverse group of tools used in unremitting chronic low back pain, most commonly to aid identification of anatomically located contributors to pain, or provide analgesia.

Like many other unimodal treatments, pain management procedures alone should not be expected to provide sustained benefit, but when used, should be part of multidisciplinary rehabilitation.

These procedures are facing increased scrutiny about effectiveness, potential overuse, economic efficiency, and the risks associated with both the procedures and related imaging.^1-3

Further, recent progress in understanding central nervous system and other contributors to persistent pain has enabled clinicians to better identify and address non-pathoanatomical factors in settings where pain management procedures may have previously been used.⁴